name	The Times
type	Daily newspaper
format	Compact
price	UK£0.90 (Monday–Friday)£2 (Saturday) £1.30(Sat., Scotland)
foundation	1 January 1785
owners	News Corporation
sister newspapers	''The Sunday Times''
political	Moderate Conservative
headquarters	Wapping, London, UK
editor	James Harding
issn	0140-0460
website	www.thetimes.co.uk
circulation	502,436 March 2010 }}

''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper published in London since 1785, when it was known as ''The Daily Universal Register''.

''The Times'' and its sister paper ''The Sunday Times'' are published by Times Newspapers Limited, since 1981 a subsidiary of News International. News International is entirely owned by the News Corporation group, headed by Rupert Murdoch. Though traditionally a moderately centre-right newspaper and a supporter of the Conservatives, it supported the Labour Party in the 2001 and 2005 general elections. In 2004, according to MORI, the voting intentions of its readership were 40% for the Conservative Party, 29% for the Liberal Democrats, 26% for Labour.

''The Times'' is the original "Times" newspaper, lending its name to many other papers around the world, such as ''The New York Times'', ''The Los Angeles Times'', ''The Seattle Times'', ''The Daily Times (Malawi)'', Jimma Times (Ethiopia), ''The Times of India'', ''The Straits Times'', ''Polska The Times'' ''The Times of Malta'' and ''The Irish Times''. For distinguishing purposes it is therefore sometimes referred to, particularly in North America, as the 'London Times' or 'The Times of London'. The paper is also the originator of the ubiquitous Times Roman typeface, originally developed by Stanley Morison of ''The Times'' in collaboration with the Monotype Corporation for its legibility in low-tech printing.

The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, but switched to compact size in 2004 partly in an attempt to appeal to younger readers and partly to appeal to commuters using public transport. An American edition has been published since 6 June 2006.

Today

The newspaper's cover price in the United Kingdom is £1 on weekdays (30p for students at some university campus shops) and £1.50 on Saturday. ''The Times's'' sister paper, ''The Sunday Times'', is a broadsheet and priced at £2.20. Although ''The Times'' and ''The Sunday Times'' are both owned by News International, a subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch's Newscorp, they do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have shared the same owner only since 1967. In November 2006 ''The Times'' began printing headlines in its new font, Times Modern.

History

''The Times'' was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as ''The Daily Universal Register'', with Walter in the role of editor. Walter changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to ''The Times''. In 1803, John Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name. John Walter Sr. had already spent sixteen months in Newgate prison for libel printed in ''The Times'', but his pioneering efforts to obtain Continental news, especially from France, helped build the paper's reputation among policy makers and financiers.

''The Times'' used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its early life, the profits of ''The Times'' were very large and the competition minimal, so it could pay far better than its rivals for information or writers.

In 1809, John Stoddart was appointed general editor, replaced in 1817 with Thomas Barnes. Under Barnes and his successor in 1841, John Thadeus Delane, the influence of ''The Times'' rose to great heights, especially in politics and amongst the City of London. Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling were two noted journalists, and gained for ''The Times'' the pompous/satirical nickname 'The Thunderer' (from "We thundered out the other day an article on social and political reform.").The increased circulation and influence of the paper was based in part to its early adoption of the steam driven rotary printing press. Distribution via steam trains to rapidly growing concentrations of urban populations helped ensure the profitability of the paper and its growing influence.

''The Times'' was the first newspaper to send war correspondents to cover particular conflicts. W. H. Russell, the paper's correspondent with the army in the Crimean War, was immensely influential with his dispatches back to England. In other events of the nineteenth century, ''The Times'' opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws until the number of demonstrations convinced the editorial board otherwise, and only reluctantly supported aid to victims of the Irish Potato Famine. It enthusiastically supported the Great Reform Bill of 1832 which reduced corruption and increased the electorate from 400 000 people to 800 000 people (still a small minority of the population). During the American Civil War, ''The Times'' represented the view of the wealthy classes, favouring the secessionists, but it was not a supporter of slavery.

The third John Walter (the founder's grandson) succeeded his father in 1847. The paper continued as more or less independent. From the 1850s, however, ''The Times'' was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from the penny press, notably ''The Daily Telegraph'' and ''The Morning Post''.

During the 19th century, it was not infrequent for the Foreign Office to approach ''The Times'' and ask for continental intelligence, which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources.

''The Times'' faced financial extinction in 1890 under Arthur Fraser Walter, but it was rescued by an energetic editor, Charles Frederic Moberly Bell. During his tenure (1890–1911), ''The Times'' became associated with selling the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' using aggressive American marketing methods introduced by Horace Everett Hooper and his advertising executive, Henry Haxton. However, due to legal fights between the ''Britannica's'' two owners, Hooper and Walter Montgomery Jackson, ''The Times'' severed its connection in 1908 and was bought by pioneering newspaper magnate, Alfred Harmsworth, later Lord Northcliffe.

In editorials published on 29 and 31 July 1914 Wickham Steed, the ''Times'''s Chief Editor argued that the British Empire should enter World War I. On 8 May 1920, under the editorship of Wickham Steed, the ''Times'' in an editorial endorsed the anti-Semitic forgery ''The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion'' as a genuine document, and called Jews the world's greatest danger. In the leader entitled "The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet: Call for Inquiry", Steed wrote about ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'':

What are these 'Protocols'? Are they authentic? If so, what malevolent assembly concocted these plans and gloated over their exposition? Are they forgery? If so, whence comes the uncanny note of prophecy, prophecy in part fulfilled, in part so far gone in the way of fulfillment?".

The following year, when Philip Graves, the Constantinople (modern Istanbul) correspondent of the ''Times'', exposed ''The Protocols'' as a forgery, the ''Times'' retracted the editorial of the previous year.

In 1922, John Jacob Astor, a son of the 1st Viscount Astor, bought ''The Times'' from the Northcliffe estate. The paper gained a measure of notoriety in the 1930s with its advocacy of German appeasement; then-editor Geoffrey Dawson was closely allied with those in the government who practised appeasement, most notably Neville Chamberlain.

Kim Philby, a Soviet double agent, served as a correspondent for the newspaper in Spain during the Spanish Civil War of the late 1930s. Philby was admired for his courage in obtaining high-quality reporting from the front lines of the bloody conflict. He later joined MI6 during World War II, was promoted into senior positions after the war ended, then eventually defected to the Soviet Union in 1963.

Between 1941 and 1946, the left-wing British historian E.H. Carr was Assistant Editor. Carr was well known for the strongly pro-Soviet tone of his editorials. In December 1944, when fighting broke out in Athens between the Greek Communist ELAS and the British Army, Carr in a ''Times'' editorial sided with the Communists, leading Winston Churchill to condemn him and that leader in a speech to the House of Commons. As a result of Carr's editorial, the ''Times'' became popularly known during World War II as the threepenny ''Daily Worker'' (the price of the ''Daily Worker'' was one penny)

In 1967, members of the Astor family sold the paper to Canadian publishing magnate Roy Thomson, and on 3 May 1966 it started printing news on the front page for the first time. (Previously, the paper's front page featured small advertisements, usually of interest to the moneyed classes in British society.) The Thomson Corporation merged it with ''The Sunday Times'' to form Times Newspapers Limited.

An industrial dispute prompted the management to shut the paper for nearly a year (1 December 1978 – 12 November 1979).

The Thomson Corporation management were struggling to run the business due to the 1979 Energy Crisis and union demands. Management were left with no choice but to save both titles by finding a buyer who was in a position to guarantee the survival of both titles, and also one who had the resources and was committed to funding the introduction of modern printing methods.

Several suitors appeared, including Robert Maxwell, Tiny Rowland and Lord Rothermere; however, only one buyer was in a position to meet the full Thomson remit. That buyer was the Australian media magnate Rupert Murdoch.

Rupert Murdoch

In 1981, ''The Times'' and ''The Sunday Times'' were bought from Thomson by Rupert Murdoch's News International. The acquisition followed three weeks of intensive bargaining with the unions by company negotiators, John Collier and Bill O'Neill.

Murdoch soon began making his mark on the paper, replacing its editor, William Rees-Mogg, with Harold Evans in 1981. One of his most important changes was the introduction of new technology and efficiency measures. In March–May 1982, following agreement with print unions, the hot-metal Linotype printing process used to print ''The Times'' since the 19th century was phased out and replaced by computer input and photo-composition. This allowed print room staff at ''The Times'' and ''The Sunday Times'' to be reduced by half. However, direct input of text by journalists ("single stroke" input) was still not achieved, and this was to remain an interim measure until the Wapping dispute of 1986, when ''The Times'' moved from New Printing House Square in Gray's Inn Road (near Fleet Street) to new offices in Wapping.

In June 1990, ''The Times'' ceased its policy of using courtesy titles ("Mr", "Mrs", or "Miss" prefixes for living persons) before full names on first reference, but it continues to use them before surnames on subsequent references. The more formal style is now confined to the "Court and Social" page, though "Ms" is now acceptable in that section, as well as before surnames in news sections.

In November 2003, News International began producing the newspaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes. On 13 September 2004, the weekday broadsheet was withdrawn from sale in Northern Ireland. Since 1 November 2004, the paper has been printed solely in tabloid format.

The Conservative Party announced plans to launch litigation against ''The Times'' over an incident in which the newspaper claimed that Conservative election strategist Lynton Crosby had admitted that his party would not win the 2005 General Election. ''The Times'' later published a clarification, and the litigation was dropped.

On 6 June 2005, ''The Times'' redesigned its Letters page, dropping the practice of printing correspondents' full postal addresses. Published letters were long regarded as one of the paper's key constituents. Author/solicitor David Green of Castle Morris Pembrokeshire has had more letters published on the main letters page than any known contributor – 158 by 31 January 2008. According to its leading article, "From Our Own Correspondents", removal of full postal addresses was in order to fit more letters onto the page.

In a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, Murdoch stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from exercising editorial control.

In May 2008 printing of ''The Times'' switched from Wapping to new plants at Broxbourne on the outskirts of London, and Merseyside and Glasgow, enabling the paper to be produced with full colour on every page for the first time.

Controversy and image

Long considered the UK's newspaper of record, ''The Times'' is generally seen as a serious publication with high standards of journalism. It is not without trenchant critics: Robert Fisk, seven times British International Journalist of the Year, resigned as foreign correspondent in 1988 over what he saw as "political censorship" of his article on the shooting-down of Iran Air Flight 655 in July 1988. He wrote in detail about his reasons for resigning from the paper due to meddling with his stories, and the papers' pro-Israel stance.

Some allege that ''The Times''' partisan opinion pieces also damage its status as 'paper of record,' particularly when attacking interests that go against those of its parent company – News International. In 2010 it published an opinion piece attacking the BBC for being 'one of a group of' signatories to a letter criticising BSkyB share options in October 2010.

Readership profile and image

The British Business Survey 2005 named ''The Times'' as the UK's leading daily newspaper for business people. This independent survey was sponsored by ''The Financial Times'', ''The Guardian'', ''The Daily Telegraph'', ''The Economist'', and ''The Times''.

The latest figures from the national readership survey show ''The Times'' to have the highest number of ABC1 25–44 readers and the largest numbers of readers in London of any of the "quality" papers. The certified average circulation figures for November 2005 show that The Times sold 692,581 copies per day. This was the highest achieved under the last editor, Robert Thomson, and ensured that the newspaper remained ahead of ''The Daily Telegraph'' in terms of full-rate sales, although the ''Telegraph'' remains the market leader for broadsheets, with a circulation of 905,955 copies. Tabloid newspapers, such as ''The Sun'' and middle-market newspapers such as the ''Daily Mail'', at present outsell both papers with a circulation of around 3,005,308 and 2,082,352 respectively. By March 2010 the paper's circulation had fallen to 502,436 copies daily and the ''Telegraph's'' to 686,679, according to ABC figures.

Format and supplements

''The Times'' features news for the first half of the paper with the leading articles on the second page, the Opinion/Comment section begins after the first news section, the world news normally follows this. The business pages begin on the centre spread, and are followed by The Register, containing obituaries, Court & Social section, and related material. The sport section is at the end of the main paper.

''Literary Supplement''

''The Times Literary Supplement'' (TLS) is a separately-paid-for weekly literature and society magazine.

''Science Reviews''

Between 1951 and 1966 ''The Times'' published a separately-paid-for quarterly science review, ''The Times Science Review''. Remarkably, in 1953 both the newspaper and its science supplement failed to report on the discovery of the structure of DNA in Cambridge, which was reported on by both the ''News Chronicle'' and ''The New York Times''.

''The Times'' started another new (but free) monthly science magazine, ''Eureka'', in October 2009.

''Times2''

''The Times'''s main supplement was the ''times2'', featuring various lifestyle columns. It was discontinued on 1 March 2010, most of its regular features being absorbed into the main paper, the puzzles into a new supplement called ''Mind Games''. Its previous incarnation began on 5 September 2005, before which it was called ''T2'' and previously ''Times 2''. Regular features included columns by a different columnist each weekday. There was a column by Marcus du Sautoy each Wednesday, for example. The back pages were devoted to puzzles and contain sudoku, "Killer Sudoku", "KenKen", word polygon puzzles, and a crossword simpler and more concise than the main "Times Crossword". The penultimate page was "Young Times", with puzzles and news for children. All these features are now found in ''Mind Games''.

The supplement also contained arts and lifestyle features, TV and radio listings and reviews which have now become their own weekly supplements.

''The Game''

''The Game'' is included in the newspaper on a Monday, and details all the weekend's football activity (Premier League and Football League Championship, League One and League Two.) The Scottish edition of ''The Game'' also includes results and analysis from Scottish Premier League games.

Saturday supplements

The Saturday edition of ''The Times'' contains a variety of supplements. These supplements were relaunched in January 2009 as: ''Sport'', ''Weekend'' (including travel and lifestyle features), ''Saturday Review'' (arts, books, and ideas), ''The Times Magazine'' (columns on various topics), and ''Playlist'' (an entertainment listings guide).

''Saturday Review'' is the first regular supplement published in broadsheet format again since the paper switched to a compact size in 2004.

At the beginning of Summer 2011 ''Saturday Review'' switched to the tabloid format

''The Times Magazine'' features columns touching on various subjects such as celebrities, fashion and beauty, food and drink, homes and gardens or simply writers' anecdotes. Notable contributors include Giles Coren, Food And Drink Writer of the Year in 2005.

Online presence

The ''Times'' and ''Sunday Times'' have had an online presence since March 1999, originally at ''the-times.co.uk'' and ''sunday-times.co.uk'', and later at ''timesonline.co.uk''. In April 2009, the ''timesonline'' site had a readership of 750,000 readers per day.

Paywall

Rupert Murdoch argued that readers should pay for online content, and since July 2010, News International requires readers that do not already subscribe to the print edition to pay £1 per day or £2 per week to access ''Times'' and ''Sunday Times'' content.

There are now two websites, instead of one: ''thetimes.co.uk'' is aimed at daily readers, and the ''thesundaytimes.co.uk'' site at providing weekly magazine-like content.

According to figures released in November 2010 by ''The Times'', 100,000 people had paid to use the service in its first four months of operation, and another 100,000 received free access because they subscribe to the printed paper. Visits to the websites have decreased by 87% since the paywall was introduced, from 21 million unique users per month to 2.7 million.

Typeface

''The Times'' commissioned the serif typeface ''Times New Roman'', created by Victor Lardent at the English branch of Monotype, in 1931. It was commissioned after Stanley Morison had written an article criticizing ''The Times'' for being badly printed and typographically antiquated. The font was supervised by Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of ''The Times''. Morison used an older font named Plantin as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space. ''Times New Roman'' made its debut in the 3 October 1932 issue of ''The Times'' newspaper. After one year, the design was released for commercial sale. ''The Times'' stayed with ''Times New Roman'' for 40 years, but new production techniques and the format change from broadsheet to tabloid in 2004 have caused the newspaper to switch font five times since 1972. However, all the new fonts have been variants of the original New Roman font:

''Times Europa'' was designed by Walter Tracy in 1972 for The Times, as a sturdier alternative to the Times font family, designed for the demands of faster printing presses and cheaper paper. The typeface features more open counter spaces.

''Times Roman'' replaced Times Europa on 30 August 1982. ''Times Millennium'' was made in 1991, drawn by Gunnlaugur Briem on the instructions of Aurobind Patel, composing manager of News International. ''Times Classic'' first appeared in 2001. Designed as an economical face by the British type team of Dave Farey and Richard Dawson, it took advantage of the new PC-based publishing system at the newspaper, while obviating the production shortcomings of its predecessor Times Millennium. The new typeface included 120 letters per font. Initially the family comprised ten fonts, but a condensed version was added in 2004. ''Times Modern'' was unveiled on 20 November 2006, as the successor of ''Times Classic''. Designed for improving legibility in smaller font sizes, it uses 45-degree angled bracket serifs. The font was published by Elsner + Flake as ''EF Times Modern''; it was designed by Research Studios, led by Ben Preston (deputy editor of The Times) and designer Neville Brody.

Sponsored events

''The Times'', along with the British Film Institute, sponsors the London Film Festival (or more specifically, The Times ''bfi'' London Film Festival). As of 2005, it is Europe's largest public event for motion pictures.

''The Times'' also sponsors the Cheltenham Literature Festival and the Asia House Festival of Asian Literature at Asia House, London.

Political allegiance

''The Times'' was a traditional Conservative Party supporter, even after its 18-year rule in government was ended by the Labour landslide of 1997, but for the 2001 general election the paper declared its support for Tony Blair's Labour government, which was re-elected by a landslide. It supported Labour again in 2005, when it achieved a third successive election win, though with a reduced majority. For the 2010 general election, however, the newspaper declared its support for the Tories once again; the election ended in the Tories taking the most votes and seats but having to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats in order to form a government as they had failed to gain an overall majority.

The Times had declared its support for Clement Attlee's Labour at the 1945 general election; the party went on to win the election by a landslide over Winston Churchill's Conservative government. However, the newspaper reverted to the Tories for the next election five years later. It would not switch sides again for more than 50 years.

Ownership

John Walter (1785–1803)

John Walter, 2nd (1803–1847)

John Walter, 3rd (1847–1894)

Arthur Fraser Walter (1894–1908)

Lord Northcliffe (1908–1922)

Astor family (1922–1966)

Roy Thomson (1966–1981)

News International (subsidiary of News Corporation), run by Rupert Murdoch (1981– )

Editorship

!Editor's name	!Years
	1785–1803
	1803–1812
John Stoddart	1812–1816
	1817–1841
John Delane	1841–1877
Thomas Chenery	1877–1884
George Earle Buckle	1884–1912
George Geoffrey Dawson	1912–1919
	1919–1922
George Geoffrey Dawson	1923–1941
Robert McGowan Barrington-Ward	1941–1948
William Francis Casey	1948–1952
William Haley	1952–1966
William Rees-Mogg	1967–1981
Harold Evans	1981–1982
	1982–1985
	1985–1990
Simon Jenkins	1990–1992
Peter Stothard	1992–2002
	2002–2007
	2007–

Columnists and journalists

Murad Ahmed

Michael Atherton

Guillem Balague

Simon Barnes

Alice Bowe

Peter Brookes, leader-page cartoonist

David Brown

Kaya Burgess

Rachel Campbell-Johnston

Sam Coates

Giles Coren

Robert Crampton

Ginny Dougary

Stephen Farrell

Daniel Finkelstein

Richard Ford

Adam Fresco

Joanna Geary

Frances Gibb

Brian Glanville

Ruth Gledhill

Michael Gove

Nico Hines

Anthony Howard

Philip Howard

Ben Hoyle

Mick Hume

Anatole Kaletsky

Patrick Kidd

Magnus Linklater

Richard Lloyd Parry

Anthony Loyd, war correspondent on retainer

Ben Macintyre

Sam Marlowe, theatre reviewer

Stefanie Marsh

Hugh McIlvanney

Alice Miles

Caitlin Moran

Michael Moran

Morten Morland, political cartoonist

Richard Morrison

Kate Muir

Matthew Parris

Grayson Perry

Catherine Philp

Libby Purves

Lord Rees-Mogg

Peter Riddell

Hugo Rifkind

Aki Riihilahti

Nick Robinson

Alyson Rudd

Dan Sabbagh

Sathnam Sanghera

Marcus du Sautoy

David Sinclair

Graham Stewart

Andrew Sullivan

Richard Susskind

Ann Treneman

Janice Turner

Philip Webster

Tom Whipple

Tom Whitwell

Tony Halpin

Alexander Williams, cartoonist

Jeremy Clarkson

Other publications

(Times Books Group Ltd)

The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World, 2007 ISBN 978-0-00-780150-3

Biography

Harold Evans, ''Good Times, Bad Times''. Includes sections of black-and-white photographic plates, plus a few charts and diagrams in text pages.

In fiction

In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'', ''The Times'' has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party, its editorials—of which several are quoted in the book—reflecting Big Brother's pronouncements.

Rex Stout's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London ''Times'' crossword puzzle at his New York home, in preference to those of American papers.

In the James Bond series, written by Ian Fleming, the title character, James Bond, reads ''The Times''. As described by Fleming in ''From Russia, with Love'': "The Times was the only paper that Bond ever read."

See also

List of newspapers by date

References

External links

The Sunday Times site

Times World Atlases official website including a History and Heritage section detailing landmark Times atlases

Archive from 1785 to 1985 – full text and original layout, searchable (not free of charge, registration required)

The Times editor Robert Thomson lecture online: From the editorial desk of ''The Times'', RMIT School of Applied Communication Public Lecture series

Anthony Trollope's satire on the mid-nineteenth century Times

Journalism Now: The Times Winchester University Journalism History project on the Times in the nineteenth century

Category:Newspapers published in the United Kingdom Category:News Corporation subsidiaries * Category:Publications established in 1785 Category:1785 establishments in Great Britain

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Name	Jermaine Jackson
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Jermaine La Jaune Jackson
Born	December 11, 1954Gary, Indiana, U.S.
Genre	R&B, soul, dance
Occupation	Musician, singer-songwriter, record producer, dancer
Years active	1964–present
Instrument	Vocals, electric bass, guitar, keyboards
Label	Motown, Epic, Arista, LaFace
Associated acts	The Jackson 5SwitchWhitney Houston, Rihanna, Fabolous }}

Jermaine La Jaune Jackson (born December 11, 1954) is an American singer, bassist, composer, a member of The Jackson 5, older brother of American pop stars Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson and occasional film director. He also produced and recorded duets with American singer Whitney Houston in her early years as a recording artist.

Biography

Early life

Jackson is the fourth child of Joseph and Katherine Jackson, born in Gary, Indiana after his brother Tito Jackson. His brothers and sisters are Rebbie, Jackie, Tito, Marlon, La Toya, Michael, Randy and Janet. He was raised as a Jehovah's Witness by his devout mother (though he later converted to Islam in 1989 after a trip to Bahrain). Jermaine was the original lead singer and rhythm guitarist of the Jackson Brothers—an earlier incarnation of The Jackson Five—until 1968, when younger brother Michael began assisting with lead vocals. He remained the lead vocalist with Michael for many years. Jackson graduated from Birmingham High School in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California in 1973.

The Jackson 5

Jermaine and his brothers signed with Motown Records in 1968. As the co-lead singer of The Jackson 5 after his brother Michael, Jermaine sang notable parts of "I Want You Back", "I'll Be There", "The Love You Save","Dancing Machine", and many other Jackson 5 songs. In 1975, after six years performing with his brothers, Jermaine split from the Jackson 5 to continue his solo career at Motown Records while the other Jackson brothers left to sign with Epic Records. In 1983, he reunited with his brothers for the Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever television special. After the success of the broadcast, he rejoined the band to record the album Victory and participated in the Victory Tour. He stayed with the group for their final album 2300 Jackson Street in 1990. In 2001, he reunited with his brothers to perform for the 30th anniversary of Michael's solo career, in an interview he states," when Michael had his success, me and my brothers were kind of jealous."

Solo career

Like Michael, Jermaine began a solo career while still a member of The Jackson 5, and had a hit with the 1972 Shep and the Limelites cover "Daddy's Home". It sold over one million copies by March 1973, and was awarded a gold disc. When The Jackson 5 left Motown, Jermaine left the group and stayed at Motown, as he had married Hazel Gordy and Motown head Berry Gordy was his father-in-law. In 2009, Jermaine claimed on the family reality series The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty it was because "Motown was gonna make us like the Beatles. We were the Jackson 5 and that's all I wanted."

Jermaine was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for his 1980 album ''Let's Get Serious''. He had numerous ''Billboard'' Top 30 hits throughout the 1970s and 1980s, including "Daddy's Home" (#9), "That's How Love Goes", "Let's Be Young Tonight", "Bass Odyssey", "Feel the Fire", "Let Me Tickle Your Fancy" (featuring Devo on backing vocals) (#18), "Let's Get Serious" (#9, also one of his only two UK hits, peaking at #8), "Dynamite" (#15), "Do What You Do" (#13), and "I Think It's Love" (#16). A duet with his brother Michael, "Tell Me I'm Not Dreamin' (Too Good to Be True)", hit #1 on the dance chart in 1984. He and Michael also collaborated with Rockwell, both providing guest vocals on his 1984 hit single, "Somebody's Watching Me". In 1985, his duet with Pia Zadora, When the Rain Begins to Fall, topped several singles charts in Europe. His final chart success, 1989's "Don't Take It Personal", hit #1 on the ''Billboard'' R&B singles chart. Some of Jermaine's finest moments as a singer can be heard in the soulful "Castle of Sand" and the Earth Wind & Fire inspired "You Need To Be Loved".

Jackson is proficient on the electric guitar and is a talented bass guitar player. Already at an early age he performed the parts of legendary bass player James Jamerson etc., when J5 performed live. Jermaine also composed and produced for other artists like Switch. He also produced and sang a couple of duets on Whitney Houston's debut album on Arista Records. In 1992, he produced ''The Jacksons: An American Dream,'' an award-winning and highly-rated miniseries about the history of The Jackson 5. Jermaine Jr. portrayed his father as a young teenager in the miniseries.

Reality TV: Big Brother UK

Jackson was the first housemate to enter the ''Celebrity Big Brother UK'' house in 2007. He steered clear of the controversy caused by the series, avoiding confrontation and offering moral support to fellow housemate Shilpa Shetty against alleged bullying from fellow housemates Jade Goody, Danielle Lloyd, and Jo O'Meara. He was often considered to be the most stable minded in the house. During a task in the ''Big Brother'' house, the housemates had to create a tribute band for The Jackson 5. The performance of "I Want You Back" helped put The Jackson 5 back in the UK charts at #53. The final three consisted of Dirk Benedict, Jermaine Jackson, and Shilpa Shetty. After leaving ''Big Brother,'' Jackson did several interviews on UK television, stating why and how he took his peaceful and mediating stance in the ''Big Brother'' house. He also spoke about the Jackson 5 reuniting for a performance. Jackson was part of the second season of the CMT reality show ''Gone Country''. On one episode, he admitted that he needs to sleep with the lights on in an exchange with roomie Sebastian Bach. When Bach probed Jackson further, Jackson said that he "sees people" from the 1800s if he sleeps with the lights off.

Later works

He is planning a stage show based on his family to be released in the UK. He has said that The Jacksons are recording an album and planning a family tour. Jackson returned to the UK in March 2007 to take part in the Channel 4 show ''Musicool'' as a mentor.

He is also currently involved in several charity projects and has been working on projects to help orphaned children around the world. Among other countries, he has visited Bangladesh as part of his work to raise funds and help children. He has also figured heavily on the Islam Channel in the UK where he talked about his Islamic faith as well as announcing several charity projects that he plans to undertake.

In April 2007, Jackson returned to the UK to take part in a one-off special of ITV's ''Challenge Anneka''. On the same trip he appeared in Glasgow with British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, speaking in support of ''Searchlight'' magazine's anti-racism campaign, the ''Daily Mirror'' "Hope Not Hate bus".

On November 23, 2007, Jackson appeared on ''Katie & Peter: Unleashed'' and again talked of a reunion with his brothers on a tour the following year. In 2008, Jackson flew to Australia to be a guest judge and mentor for the top 5 Michael Jackson night on ''Australian Idol''. In March 2008, Jackson was the guest of honour at the Muslim Writers Awards in Birmingham.

He currently appears on the A&E television series ''The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty'' documenting the return of him and his three brothers to music and preparing for a 40th anniversary tour and album. Jermaine Jackson will also be playing a concert at the planet hollywood hotel and casino in Las Vegas on October 2, 2010. The concert is set to be the kick off to his new tour titled "40 Years of Jackson Music", with a special dedication to his brother, Michael Jackson.

Personal life

On December 15, 1973, Jackson married Hazel Gordy, who is the daughter of Motown Records founder Berry Gordy. The couple had three children together, Jermaine La Jaune "Jay" Jackson, Jr., (born January 27, 1977), Autumn Joy Jackson (born July 10, 1978), and Jaimy Jackson (born March 17, 1987).

After his divorce from Gordy in 1988, Jackson started living with Margaret Maldonado. The couple had two children, Jeremy Maldonado Jackson, (born December 16, 1986) and Jourdynn Michael Jackson, (born January 5, 1989).

During his relationship with Maldonado, Alejandra Genevieve Oaziaza had an affair with Jermaine had two sons, Jaafar Jeremiah Jackson (born July 25, 1996) and Jermajesty Jermaine Jackson (born October 7, 2000). Oaziaza, who also had three children with Jermaine's younger brother Randy, who she also had an affair with while he was married to Aliza causing their divorce. Alejandra was married with Nicolas Ray during both her affairs with the brothers, she married Ray for green card purposes, all this while she was living at Hayvenhurst for 22 years. She was evicted from the Jackson compound in 2011.

Halima Rashid became Jackson's second legal wife. In 2004, Jackson told the media that he married Halima Rashid. They currently live in Los Angeles, but often travel around the world.

Jackson converted to Islam in 1989 after a trip to Bahrain and publicly expressed his religious beliefs during his appearance on ''Big Brother''. While filming the program, Jackson prayed and fasted. He also expressed his hopes to convert his brother Michael to Islam, saying it would provide him with peace and help to heal his problems.

He supported his brother Michael Jackson, during the 2005 child-abuse trial. He came to Michael's defense on CNN's ''Larry King Live'' and appeared with him in court on many occasions. On June 25, 2009, Jermaine held a press conference at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and broke the news of Michael Jackson's death to the media.

Jackson attended the memorial service for his brother Michael on July 7, 2009 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles. He acted as a pallbearer, and performed the song ''Smile'' by Charlie Chaplin, which was believed to be his brother's favorite song, in tribute.

Jackson is an avid Los Angeles Dodgers fan. In 2009 while wearing a Manny Ramirez jersey, he made a one-handed catch of a foul ball while seated behind the Dodgers dugout. As well as his love of basketball, Jackson is known to be a keen follower of English football team Sheffield Wednesday.

In popular culture

Jackson was portrayed by Jason Griffith in the 2004 film ''Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story,'' while his son, Jermaine Jackson Jr., portrayed him in the 1992 miniseries ''The Jacksons: An American Dream''. In 2010 on Saturday Night Live, Jackson was portrayed by Kenan Thompson.

Discography

Albums

Studio albums

align="center" align="center" ''Come Into My Life (Jermaine Jackson album) align="center" ''My Name Is Jermaine'' align="center" ''Feel The Fire (Jermaine Jackson album) align="center" ''Frontiers (Jermaine Jackson album) ''Let's Get Serious (Jermaine Jackson album) ''Jermaine (1980 album) align="center" ''I Like Your Style (Jermaine Jackson album) align="center" ''Let Me Tickle Your Fancy'' align="center" ''Dynamite (Jermaine Jackson album) ''Precious Moments (Jermaine Jackson) align="center" ''Don't Take It Personal (Jermaine Jackson album) align="center" ''You Said''

Year !! Album title !! width="30"	Billboard 200	US !! width="30">USR&B !! width="30"| UK
1972	''Jermaine''	27 ||	6
1973	Come Into My Life'' ||
1976	|	164	29
1977	Feel The Fire'' ||	174	36
1978	Frontiers'' || align="center"
1979	Let's Get Serious'' ||	6	1	22
1980	Jermaine'' ||	44	1
1981	I Like Your Style'' ||	86	31
1982	|	46	9
1984	Dynamite'' (also called ''Jermaine Jackson'') ||	19	13	57
1986	Precious Moments'' ||	46	25
1989	Don't Take It Personal'' ||	115	18
1992	| align="center"

Compilations

align="center" ''Greatest Hits & Rare Classics'' ''Dynamite – The Encore Collection'' ''The Heritage Collection'' ''Ultimate Collection'' ''Big Brother Jermaine: The Jermaine Jackson Collection'' ''Greatest Hits''

Year !! Album title !! width="30"	Billboard 200	US !! width="30">USR&B !! width="30"| UK
1981	''Motown Superstars Series, Vol. 17''
1991	| align="center"
1999	| align="center"
2000	| align="center"
2001	| align="center"
2007	| align="center"
2009	| align="center"

Singles

Motown releases

align="center" align="center" "Daddy's Home" align="center" align="center" align="center" "Let's Be Young Tonight" align="center" "You Need to Be Loved" "Castles of Sand" "Let's Get Serious (song) "You're Supposed to Keep Your Love for Me" align="center" align="center" "I'm Just Too Shy" align="center" "Little Girl Don't You Worry" align="center" "Let Me Tickle Your Fancy" align="center" align="center" align="center"

Year !! Song title !! width="30"	Billboard Hot 100	US !! width="30">USR&B !! width="30"| UK
1972	"That's How Love Goes"	46 ||	23
rowspan=2	1973	|	9	3
"You're in Good Hands"	79 ||	35
1976	|	55	19
1977	| align="center"
1978	| align="center"
1979	Let's Get Serious" ||	9	1	8
rowspan=2	1980	|	32	34
"Burnin' Hot"
1981	|	60	29
rowspan=2	1981	| align="center"
"You Like Me Don't You"	50 ||	13	41
rowspan=3	1982	|	18	5
"Paradise in Your Eyes"
"Very Special Part"

Arista releases

align="center" align="center" align="center" align="center" align="center" "When the Rain Begins to Fall" (with Pia Zadora) align="center" align="center" "I Think It's Love" align="center" align="center" align="center" "Words Into Action" "Don't Take It Personal (Jermaine Jackson song) "I'd Like to Get to Know You" align="center" "Word to the Badd!" (with T-Boz) align="center" align="center" "I Dream, I Dream"

Year !! Song title !! width="30"	Billboard Hot 100	US !! width="30">USR&B !! width="30"| UK
rowspan=4	1984	"Sweetest Sweetest"
"Dynamite"	15 ||	8
"Do What You Do (Jermaine Jackson song)	Do What You Do"	13 ||	13	6
"Tell Me I'm Not Dreamin' (Too Good to Be True)" (with Michael Jackson)
rowspan=2	1985	|	52	54	68
"(Closest Thing) To Perfect"	67 ||	63
rowspan=3	1986	|	16	14	96
"Lonely Won't Leave Me Alone"
"Do You Remember Me"	71 ||	40
1987	| align="center"
1989	Don't Take It Personal" ||	64	1	69
rowspan=2	1990	| align="center"
"Two Ships (In the Night)"
rowspan=2	1991	|	78	88
"You Said, You Said"
1992	| align="center"

References

External links

Only website full dedicated to Jermaine Jackson (fanclub)

All Jermaine Jackson - A Jermaine Jackson Fansite

Video interview about his Islamic beliefs

VH1 Profile

Jermaine Jackson Complete Motown Discography

Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:African American guitarists Category:African American singers Category:American dance musicians Category:American expatriates Category:American male singers Category:American Muslims Category:African American Muslims Category:Former Jehovah's Witnesses Category:American pop singers Category:American rhythm and blues musicians Category:American rhythm and blues singers Category:Songwriters from Indiana Category:American soul musicians Category:American soul singers Category:Arista Records artists Category:American bass guitarists Category:Big Brother UK contestants Category:Epic Records artists Category:The Jackson 5 members Category:Jackson musical family Category:Motown artists Category:Musicians from Indiana Category:People from Gary, Indiana Category:Converts to Islam from Christianity Category:African American Muslims Category:Converts to Islam

ar:جيرماين جاكسون az:Cermeyn Cekson da:Jermaine Jackson de:Jermaine Jackson es:Jermaine Jackson fa:جرمین جکسون fr:Jermaine Jackson ko:저메인 잭슨 it:Jermaine Jackson hu:Jermaine Jackson nl:Jermaine Jackson ja:ジャーメイン・ジャクソン no:Jermaine Jackson nn:Jermaine Jackson pl:Jermaine Jackson pt:Jermaine Jackson simple:Jermaine Jackson fi:Jermaine Jackson sv:Jermaine Jackson tr:Jermaine Jackson zh:傑曼·傑克森

Kunta Kinte (also known as Toby Waller) is the central character of the novel ''Roots: The Saga of an American Family'' by American author Alex Haley, and of the television miniseries ''Roots'', based on the book. Haley described his book as ''faction'' - a mixture of fact and fiction. After Haley's book became nationally famous, American author Harold Courlander noted that the section describing Kinte's life was apparently taken from Courlander's book ''The African''. Haley at first dismissed the charge, but later issued a public statement affirming that Courlander's book had been the source, and Haley attributed the error to a mistake of one of his assistant researchers.

Plot summary

Africa

Haley's novel begins with Kunta's birth in the village of Juffure in The Gambia, West Africa in 1750. Kunta is the first of four sons of the Mandinka tribesman Omoro and his wife Binta Kebba. Haley describes Kunta's strict Muslim upbringing, the rigors of the manhood training he undergoes, and the proud origins of the Kinte name.

One day in 1767, when young Kunta Kinte leaves his village to search for wood to make a drum, four men surround him and take him captive. Kunta awakens to find himself blindfolded, gagged, bound and prisoner of the white men. Haley describes how they humiliate him by stripping him naked, probing him in every orifice, and branding him with a hot iron. He and others are put on a slave ship for the three-month voyage to America.

America

Kunta survives the trip to Maryland and is sold to a Virginia plantation owner, Master Reynolds, who renames him "Toby". He rejects the name imposed by his owners, and refuses to speak to others.

After being apprehended during the last of his four escape attempts, the slave catchers give him a choice: he can be castrated or have his right foot cut off. He chooses to have his foot cut off, and the slave catchers cut off the front half of his right foot. As the years pass, Kunta resigns himself to his fate, and also becomes more open and sociable with his fellow slaves, while never forgetting who he was or where he came from.

Family

He eventually marries another slave named Belle Waller and has a daughter named Kizzy (Keisa, in Mandinka/Mandingo), which in Kunta's native tongue means "to stay put". When Kizzy is in her late teens, she is sold away to North Carolina when her master discovers that she had written a fake traveling pass for a young slave boy with whom she was in love (she had been taught to read and write secretly by Missy Anne, niece to the plantation owner). Her new owner immediately rapes her and fathers her only child, George (who spends his life with the tag "Chicken George", because of his assigned duties of tending to his master's cockfighting brood).

In the novel, Kizzy never learns her parents' fate. She spends the remainder of her life as a field hand on the Lea plantation in North Carolina. In the miniseries, she is taken back to visit the Waller plantation later in life. She discovers that her mother was sold off to another plantation and that her father died of a broken heart four years later, in 1810. She finds his grave, where she crosses out his slave name from the tombstone and writes his real name above it.

The rest of the book tells the story of the generations between Kizzy and Alex Haley, describing their suffering, losses and eventual triumphs in America. Alex Haley was the seventh generation of Kunta Kinte and wrote the things he knew in a book called Roots.

Influence

There is an annual ''Kunta Kinte Heritage Festival'' held in Maryland. Kunta Kinte also inspired a reggae rhythm of the same name, performed by artists including The Revolutionaries, and Mad Professor, and an album, ''Kunta Kinte Roots'' by Ranking Dread. There is also a band of the same name. He is mentioned in the Kanye West song "Never Let Me Down" from the ''College Dropout'' album. He is also mentioned in the songs "Whip It" by Lil Wayne, "Work It" by Missy Elliott, A Tribe Called Quest's "8 Million Stories", the Bloodhound Gang's song "A Lap Dance Is So Much Better When the Stripper Is Crying", Roots Manuva's "Snake Bite", Ghostface Killah's "Black Jesus", Akir's "Kunta Kinte", Busta Rhymes's "Rhymes Galore", Ice Cube's "No Vaseline", Keymark's Pookey Marsum, The Coup's "My Favourite Mutiny" and Roll Deep's "Roll Deep Rally" which is featured on the soundtrack for the 2010 film ''Shank''. Flow Dan can be heard saying "I'm on the run like Kunta..." on RZA's "Must Be Bobby". He also influences the Bay Area rapper Keak da Sneak where Keak was nicknamed Kunta Kinte.

An early scene in the film ''Boyz n the Hood'' includes one of the characters asking Jason "Furious" Styles' son Tré, "Who's he think you is, Kunta Kinte?" after seeing the chores which the son must complete. On an episode of the HBO drama ''The Wire'', Baltimore police detective Bunk Moreland derogatorily refers to an African seaman as "Kunta Kinte" during an interrogation where the seaman refuses to speak English. In the film ''Coming to America'', Akeem (an African prince posing as a poor exchange student) is teased by the employees and patrons of a barbershop, who good-naturedly refer to him as "Kunta Kinte".

Will Smith's character make a reference to the character on the ''Fresh Prince of Bel Air'' when in regards to being punished he stated, "Why don't you just do me like Kunta Kinte and cut off my foot".

On the January 19, 2002 broadcast of ''Saturday Night Live's'' ''Weekend Update'' sketch, host Jimmy Fallon, while reporting on ABC's refusal of show the ''Roots'' 25th anniversary special, gave a quick recap on the ''Roots'' story stating "For those of you who don’t remember, ‘Roots’, it follows a saga of Kunta Kinte from young African tribesman, to slavery, to becoming literate, and eventually being the top of his class at Star Fleet Academy".

References

Category:Characters in American novels of the 20th century Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1976 Category:Roots (TV miniseries) Category:Fictional_African-American_people Category:Fictional characters of Black African descent Category:Fictional slaves Category:Fictional_immigrants_to_the_United_States Category:Fictional Gambian people

ar:كونتا كينتي de:Kunta Kinte es:Kunta Kinte fr:Kunta Kinte it:Kunta Kinte no:Kunta Kinte pl:Kunta Kinte pt:Kunta Kinte sh:Kunta Kinte sv:Kunta Kinte

playername	Pape Diouf
fullname	Mababa Diouf
dateofbirth	December 18, 1951
cityofbirth	Abéché
countryofbirth	Chad
currentclub	}}

Mababa "Pape" Diouf (born December 18, 1951 in Abéché, Chad) is a Senegalese former journalist, best known for being the president of French football club Olympique Marseille between 2005 and 2009.

Diouf was born in Abéché, Chad, to Senegalese parents. The family returned to their native country shortly after Diouf's birth.

Career

At the age of eighteen, Diouf moved to Marseille, and eventually became a journalist for a city newspaper. Diouf centred his work around sport, and particularly the local football club, Olympique Marseille. Eventually he turned his hand to being a sports agent, with clients such as former French international defender Basile Boli, and Cameroonian goalkeeper Joseph-Antoine Bell playing for Marseille. He became closely linked with the Côte d'Azur side, and his intimate relationship with the club culminated in him becoming club president in 2005. Robert Louis-Dreyfus announced that Pape Diouf would leave on June 17, 2009. He was replaced by Jean-Claude Dassier.

References

Category:1951 births Category:Living people Category:Olympique de Marseille chairmen

fr:Pape Diouf pl:Pape Diouf tr:Pape Diouf